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The Laws of the Twelve Tablets February 17, 2009

Posted by egabriel in History of Magic.
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Thus, by acquiring knowledge one can aspire to gain knowledge even from the gods. Yet, even the author of Natural History Pliny, the Elder thought negatively of magic. He wrote that the claims of the professional magicians were either exaggerated or simply false. And those sorcerers who had written down their spells and recipes despised and hated humanity. Arts of the magicians of Rome were linked with the emperor Nero, whom Pliny claims had studied magic with the best teachers and had access to the best books, but was unable to do anything extraordinary.

Overall, attitude towards magic was extremely hostile in Roman empire. Practicing magic was outlawed under Roman law. It was very easy for a philosopher to be accused of magical practices. A consensus was established quite early in Roman history for the banning of anything viewed as harmful acts of magic. The Laws of the Twelve Tablets for example expressly forbid anyone from enticing his neighbors’ crops into his fields by magic. Actual trials for alleged violation of these laws were held in Rome many times. It is also recorded that Chaldean astrologers were expelled from Rome in 139 BC – on the grounds that they were magicians. In 33 BC astrologers and magicians are explicitly mentioned as having been driven from Rome.

Twenty years later, Augustus ordered all books on the magical arts to be burned. In 16 CE magicians and astrologers were expelled from Italy, and this was reinstated by edicts of emperors Vespasian in 69 CE and Domitian in 89 CE. The emperor Constantine I in the 4th century CE issued a ruling to cover all charges of magic. In it he distinguished between helpful charms, not punishable, and antagonistic spells. In these cases Roman authorities specifically decided what forms of magic were acceptable and which were not. Those that were not acceptable were termed “magic”; those that were acceptable were usually defined as traditions of the state or practices of the state’s religions.

Superstition as fear of the gods February 7, 2009

Posted by egabriel in History of Magic.
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In the late antiquity people were certainly extremely superstitious. I am talking not only about simple people but also about the great minds like Pliny the Elder, Plutarch, Apuleius and the like, whose creations I had a chance to read in my web analytics company. These writers define superstition as fear of the gods that leads to the need to resort to magical rites and taboos, the consultation of professional sorcerers and witches, charms and spells, and unintelligible language in prayers addressed to the gods. Not just simple people, but even highly educated people of that time took for granted other magical practices, such as hurting someone by the evil eye. They also believed in daemons that serve as agents or links between gods and human beings and are responsible for many supernatural events in human life that are commonly attributed to divine intervention. Some daemons are good, some are evil, but even the good ones, in moments of anger, can do harmful acts.

It seems that great mind of that time were also convinced of the powers of certain herbs or roots as revealed to humanity by the gods. They argued that the divine powers in their concern for the welfare of humanity wish for humanity to discover the secrets of nature. For example, in their wisdom the gods sought to bring humans gradually closer to their status; which certainly many magical traditions seek.

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Famous mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras December 22, 2008

Posted by egabriel in History of Magic.
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Magical powers were also attributed to the famous mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras, as recorded in the days of Aristotle. The traditions concerning Pythagoras are somewhat complicated due to the fact that the number of survived documents are often contradictory in their interpretation of the figure of Pythagoras.

Some of the magical acts attributed to him included being seen at the same hour in two cities. Or a white eagle permitting him to stroke it. A river greeting him with the words “Hail, Pythagoras!” Ancient Greeks also claimed that he could predict, that a dead man would be found on a ship entering a harbor.

Another examples of magical powers of Pythagoras are even wilder. He predicted the appearance of a white bear and declaring it was dead before the messenger reached him bearing the news. And once he bit a poisonous snake to death. These stories hint that Pythagoras was a divine man, and had ability to control animals and to transcend space and time.

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Shamanic contacts with the spirit world October 24, 2008

Posted by egabriel in History of Magic.
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Ancient history provides us with a lot of information about magic. Appearing from aboriginal tribes in Australia and Maori tribes in New Zealand to rainforest tribes in South America, bush tribes in Africa and ancient Pagan tribal groups in Europe and the British Isles, some form of shamanic contact with the spirit world seems to be nearly universal in the early development of human communities. I was observing with excitement at the office of my local web analytics company photos of the ancient cave paintings in France and Germany, that were widely speculated to be early magical formulations, intended to produce successful hunts. While going through other sources I could not help noticing, that much of the Babylonian and Egyptian pictorial writing characters appear derived from the same sources.

Although indigenous magical traditions persist to this day, very early on some communities transitioned from nomadic to agricultural civilizations, and with this shift, the development of spiritual life mirrored that of civic life. Just as tribal elders were consolidated and transformed into kings and bureaucrats, so too were shamans and adepts devolved into priests and a priestly caste. This shift is by no means in nomenclature alone. While the shaman’s task was to negotiate between the tribe and the spirit world, on behalf of the tribe, as directed by the collective will of the tribe, the priest’s role was to transfer instructions from the deities to the city-state, on behalf of the deities, as directed by the will of those deities. This shift represents the first major usurpation of power by distancing magic from those participating in that magic. It is at this stage of development that highly elaborate rituals, setting the stage for formal religions, began to emerge, such as the funeral rites of the Egyptians and the sacrifice rituals of the Babylonians, Persians, Aztecs and Mayans.

Rich and unusual myth system September 12, 2008

Posted by egabriel in Supernatural.
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According of the beliefs of the ancient Celts, October 31 is the last day of the bright half of the year. The next day also marked the beginning of winter, which the Celts often associated with death. The Celts believed that on October 31, the boundary separating the dead from the living. It needs to say, that Celts have a rich and unusual myth system. The spirit world, the residence of the dead, was accessible through burial mounds. These mounds were opened twice during the year, making the beginning and end of summer spiritually resonant.

Throughout the centuries, most Christians see Halloween as a harmless holiday in which some of the old traditions are celebrated by the mainstream culture, although in a different manner. They hold the view that the tradition is far from being “satanic” in origin or practice and that it holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children. It is, in fact, a valuable life lesson about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors.

European cultural traditions September 12, 2008

Posted by egabriel in Supernatural.
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No matter what you say, I think that Halloween is one of the greatest holidays ever. We are already missing it and wait for the next one. I heard more versions about the origin of a Halloween than fingers on both my hands and my toes. Some are no more than a myth. But this story that I found in archives of funeral home directory, seems to be closer to truth than others. So, here it is.

I read that Halloween originated from the Pagan festival Samhain, celebrated among the Celts of Ireland. And that Irish immigrants carried versions of the tradition to North America in the nineteenth century. Many European cultural traditions hold that Halloween is one of the times of the year when spirits can make contact with the physical world.

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